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CPV installations are located in China, the United States, South Africa, Italy, and Spain. System-level AC efficiencies are in the range of 25–28%. Under outdoor operating conditions, CPV module efficiencies exceeded 33% (“one-third of a sun”). 2014, the best laboratory cell efficiency for concentrator MJ cells reached 46% (four or more junctions).
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Commercial HCPV systems reached instantaneous (“spot”) efficiencies of up to 42% under standard test conditions with concentration levels above 400, and the International Energy Agency sees the potential to increase the efficiency of this technology to 50% by the mid-2020s. In 2016, cumulative CPV installations reached 350 MW, less than 0.2% of the global installed capacity of 230,000 MW.
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The first residential installation is a 1.6-kWh system in Chatsworth, California by Radical Sun Systems. CPV is far less common than conventional PV systems and has been made available to the residential market only recently. They possess the highest efficiency of all existing PV technologies, and a smaller PV array also reduces the balance of system costs.
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Systems using high-concentration PV (HCPV) have the especial potential to become competitive. Open-loop control and closed-loop control: a parabolic trough concentrator can be controlled in a closed-loop manner through a solar sensor or in a semiclosed manner using a gravity inclinometer or a rotary encoder mounted on the rotation axis of the concentrator. The concentrator field controller cannot be connected to the main controller of the power plant accordingly, it directly receives safety control sensor and meteorological condition signals from the receivers to instruct actions in the concentrator field. All instructions on the actions of the concentrator are sent by the concentrator field controller, which means that individual concentrators only receive action instructions from the concentrator field controller. The power plant’s main controller receives information from the concentrator field controller of the parabolic trough and gives information to the concentrator field controller, such as meteorological conditions, vacuum conditions of the receiver and thermal storage, as well as the working status of the steam turbine however, it cannot directly input control instructions to the local controller mounted among the concentrators. Logic connection between the concentrator field and the main control computer: the concentrator field controller sends concentrator driving position instructions to the local controller and receives ON/OFF instructions from the power plant’s main controller. The method of control grounding is the same as that described in Section 4.4.1. The controller can also be connected to the power plant’s main controller. The concentrator field controller is connected to the receiver’s wind speed sensors and safety alarm facilities to provide concentrator attitude control in emergencies. Therefore, the local controller is connected to the deviation correction sensor of the concentrator. The main function of the local controller is to correct concentrator deviation so that concentrator precision during normal work can be maintained. The concentrator’s local controller independently calculates the concentrator attitude that corresponds to each time point according to the astronomical formula of the Sun or obtains data from the host controller using more powerful computational capabilities. The concentrator field controller controls the rotation of the concentrator through local controllers. Each concentrator is equipped with a set of local controllers to control the actions of the rotary axis.